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 DIRECTORY/Computers/Programming/Languages/Comparison and Review (100)
i01% the Code - http://www.colorforth.com/1percent.html - Chuck Moore, father of Forth, says programs can be far smaller in colorForth than C. No code samples.
 
i099 Bottles of Beer on the Wall - http://www.99-bottles-of-beer.net/ - Shows source code implementation for the same simple program across over 250 different programming languages.
 
i0A Comparative Overview of C# - http://genamics.com/developer/csharp_comparative.htm - Also compares C#, Java, C++. By Ben Albahari.
 
i0A Comparison between 10 Languages - http://www.ntecs.de/old-hp/s-direktnet/langcomp.en.html - Table compares 13 traits at top, 10 languages to side: BETA, C#, C++, C-Talk, Eiffel, Java, Object Pascal, Ruby, Sather, Smalltalk.
 
i0A Comparison between BETA, C++, Eiffel, Java, Object Pascal, Ruby and Smalltalk - http://www.ntecs.de/old-hp/s-direktnet/lang_cmp.en.htm - Table compares 12 traits to side, 7 languages at top.
 
i0A Comparison of Ada and Real-Time Java for Safety-Critical Applications - http://www.adacore.com/wp-content/files/attachments/PaperPresentationAE2006-Brosgol.pdf - Slide show, was Best Paper at Ada Europe 2006 Conference, Porto, Portugal. By Ben Brosgol, AdaCore; Andy Wellings, University of York, UK. Text, diagrams.
 
i0ASP vs. PHP - http://www.webpronews.com/expertarticles/2005/12/22/asp-vs-php - Brief text compares website building languages ASP, PHP on several points. [WebProNews]
 
i0Accumulator Generator - http://www.paulgraham.com/accgen.html - Compares canonical solutions to same problem as code samples in: C++, Dylan, E, Erlang, Haskell, JavaScript, Lisp (Arc, Common, Goo, Scheme), Lua, Maple, Mathematica, Oz-Mozart, NewtonScript, Perl, Python, REBOL, Ruby, Smalltalk, VBScript. [Paul Graham]
 
i0Ada 95, Java, and C++ - http://www.adahome.com/Resources/Languages/chart3.html - Some think Java is like C++. Usual C++ idioms do not apply to Java as it is not a C++ superset or subset; Java is a derivation with many modifications, extensions. Both language syntax are alike, but semantics and philosophy are very different. Java is nearer Ada 95 than C++, except in syntax.
 
i0Ada and Java: Realtime Advantages - http://www.embedded.com/columns/technicalinsights/16100316?_requestid=442880 - Compares C, Ada, Java, for flaws and strengths in realtime programming, embedded software, built-in support for multithreading; text, code samples. Embedded.com.
 
i0Ada, C, C++, and Java vs. The Steelman - http://www.adahome.com/History/Steelman/steeltab.htm - Compares 4 programming languages (Ada 95, C, C++, Java) with the needs of "Steelman", original 1978 requirements document for Ada language. Big detailed table.
 
i0Advanced Programming Language Design - http://www.mypearsonstore.com/bookstore/product.asp?isbn=9780805311914 - Book compares over 70 languages, and main classes: imperative, functional, object-oriented, dataflow, concurrent, declarative, aggregate. By Raphael Finkel, Addison-Wesley.
 
i0An Empirical Comparison of C, C++, Java, Perl, Python, Rexx, and Tcl - http://page.mi.fu-berlin.de/~prechelt/Biblio/jccpprt_computer2000.pdf - By Lutz Prechelt. Neutral, quantitative analysis of 7 languages in title, for 7 variables, via 80 implementations of the same requirement set. PDF format. [IEEE Computer]
 
i0An Empirical Comparison of C, C++, Java, Perl, Python, Rexx, and Tcl for a Search/string-processing Program - http://page.mi.fu-berlin.de/prechelt/Biblio/jccpprtTR.pdf - One set of requirements, 80 implementations, coded by 74 different programmers in various languages, compared for properties: run time, memory use, source text length, comment density, program structure, reliability, effort needed.
 
i0Are Scripting Languages the Wave of the Future? - http://www.itworld.com/AppDev/1262/itw-0314-rcmappdevint/ - Programming guru, Robert Martin, on languages of the coming decade. [ITworld.com]
 
i0C# Strikes a Chord - http://www.ddj.com/cpp/184404409 - Compares 4 languages: C, C++, C#, Java. Shows family genealogy. [Dr. Dobb's Journal]
 
i0C# from a Java Developer's Perspective - http://www.25hoursaday.com/CsharpVsJava.html - Thorough article by Dare Obasanjo, treats most similarities and differences between the two languages: features in Java and not in C#, and features in C# and not in Java. Text, tables, code, resources.
 
i0C#: A Language Alternative or Just J--?, Part 1 - http://www.javaworld.com/javaworld/jw-11-2000/jw-1122-csharp1.html - Compares C# to Java, describes features and design trade-offs, places C# in context of broader Microsoft .Net strategy. Text, tables, code samples, links. By Mark Johnson. First article of 2-part series. [JavaWorld]
 
i0C++ vs. Java vs. Python vs. Ruby: A First Impression - http://www.dmh2000.com/cjpr/ - Essay compares aspects of the languages, one page allows matched comparing of code of a red-black tree algorithm in each language.
 
i0C++??: A Critique of C++ (3rd ed.) - http://atlas.web.cern.ch/Atlas/GROUPS/SOFTWARE/OO/tools/java/misc/ACritiqueOfC++.pdf - A critical view on the C++ and C programming language.
 
i0CLOS, Eiffel, and Sather: A Comparison - http://www.icsi.berkeley.edu/~sather/Publications/tr-91-047.html - References, zipped Postscript, and inlined gifs.
 
i0Comparing Development Costs of C and Ada - http://www.adaic.com/whyada/ada-vs-c/cada_art.html - Article by Stephen F. Zeigler. Analysis of a case where most variables were controlled enough to make a comparison between development costs (time, error rates, code size, ...) of the 2 languages.
 
i0Comparing Mercury and Haskell - http://www.cs.mu.oz.au/research/mercury/information/comparison_with_haskell.html - Compares type systems, all text. Uses Haskell 98 since Mercury type system is more like Haskell than ML, and Haskell 98 is best documented, most well-known Haskell.
 
i0Comparing PHP with Other Languages - http://www.procata.com/blog/archives/2006/02/09/comparing-php-with-other-languages/ - Text compares several traits of ASP.NET, C#, PHP, Java, Lisp, Perl, Python, Ruby, Smalltalk. Article with forum posts. [Professional PHP]
 
i0Comparison of Oberon-2 with Modula-2 - http://www.zel.org/oberon/compo2m2.htm - Short text summary of main features of Oberon-2; target audience: Modula-2 programmers unfamiliar with Oberon-2, but familiar with object-oriented and extensible programming concepts.
 
i0Comparisons of Tcl with Other Systems - http://www.mathematik.uni-ulm.de/sai/ss96/uxdb2/comparison.html - Many comparisons between Tcl/Tk and other similar systems, most copied from comp.lang.tcl.
 
i0D vs Other Languages - http://www.digitalmars.com/d/2.0/comparison.html - Yes-No table with definitions compares D, C, C++, C#, Java, on: GC, functions, arrays, OOP, performance, reliability, compatibility, conditional compiling. [Digital Mars]
 
i0Developer's Dilemma: Perl or PHP? - http://www.newsfactor.com/perl/story/19912.html - By Joe "Zonker" Brockmeier. How to choose between two languages that are both very popular for Web development? Text, forum comments. [NewsFactor]
 
i0Eiffel and Delphi Compared - http://www.berenddeboer.net/eiffel/eiffel_and_delphi.html - Text compares differences of several main aspects.
 
i0Examples of Programs in Different Programming Languages - http://www.ntecs.de/old-hp/uu9r/lang/html/lang.en.html - Compares 129 (or 157?) languages, via 418 code samples, and growing.
 
i0Forth Versus C - http://www.inventio.co.uk/forthvsc.htm - Pro-Forth question and answer text, some questions have several answers.
 
i0Forth and Not C - http://www.inventio.co.uk/forthnc.htm - Pro-Forth text explains why C is used more than Forth.
 
i0Four-fold Increase in Productivity and Quality - http://www.erlang.se/publications/Ulf_Wiger.pdf - Published internal study, of Ericsson AXD 301 ATM switch project, using Erlang, C, C++, Java. Results: programmer productivity, code error rates, roughly proportional to source code size.
 
i0Gnat and Linux: C++ and Java Under Fire - http://linuxgazette.net/issue33/burtch.html - Compares Ada, Java, C, C++, Delphi. Text, tables. Gnat and Linux orientation. [Linux Gazette]
 
i0Guidelines for Choosing a Computer Language: Support for the Visionary Organizations - http://archive.adaic.com/docs/reports/lawlis/content.htm - Multipage study compares: 4GL/5GL, 3GL (Ada 95, C, C++, COBOL, FORTRAN, Java, Smalltalk), 2GL (Assembly). Divides language (definition) from traits of products that implement and support it. Several sections, tables, appendixes.
 
i0HOPL: An Interactive Roster of Programming Languages - http://hopl.murdoch.edu.au/ - History of Programming Languages encyclopedia, over 8,500 languages, full verified references, code samples, big bibliography, biographical-institutional material, 4,000 language family tree.
 
i0Haskell and Scheme: Which One and Why? - http://scienceblogs.com/goodmath/2006/10/haskell_and_scheme_which_one_a.php - Text comparison. ScienceBlogs LLC; Good Math, Bad Math.
 
i0History and Comparison of Programming Languages - http://www.gavilan.edu/csis/languages/history.html - Files compare statements in several different languages, tracing from early to present languages.
 
i0Io Comparisons - http://www.iolanguage.com/about/simplicity/ - Compares a few variables (size, speed, syntax) in many languages: Brain, C, Cel, F-Script, Forth (gForth, pForth), Icon, Java (Kaffe), Lisp (CLisp, Guile, LispMe, Scheme48), Lua, Perl, Pike, Python, Ruby, Self, Smalltalk (GNU, Squeak, SuperCollider), Tcl.
 
i0Is .NET's C Sharper Than C++ or Java? - http://www.newsfactor.com/perl/story/20584.html - By Joe "Zonker" Brockmeier. Text compares a few aspects of C#, Java, C++. [NewsFactor]
 
i0Is Ada a Better C? - http://www.beesknees.freeserve.co.uk/articles/ada-vs-cpp.html - Compares Ada, C, C++, language facilities under DOS. Copy of article, originally titled "Ada Better Than C++?" Text and code samples. [EXE magazine]
 
i0Is Turing a Better Language for Teaching Programming than Pascal? - http://www.holtsoft.com/turing/essay.html - Compares Turing to Pascal, long text document, no tables or graphs; by Jacqueline L. Martin, 1996, many references.
 
i0Java Benchmark - http://mathsrv.ku-eichstaett.de/MGF/homes/grothmann/java/bench/Bench.html - By Rene Grothmann. Compares sieve algorithm in Java and C/C++. Text, tables, live comparison applet.
 
i0Java and C++ Resource Management Comparison - http://www.fatalmind.com/papers/java_vs_cplusplus/resource.pdf - Detailed discussion of the techniques used in Java and C++ to implement leak free and exception safe resource management. Covers memory management, finalizers, destructors and finally blocks with examples.
 
i0Java and C-sharp Compared - http://www.csharphelp.com/archives/archive96.html - Briefly compares several traits; text, code samples.
 
i0Java vs Ruby: A Comparison of the Key Elements - http://www.developer.com/open/article.php/3716356/ - Compares building blocks of two languages, in text and code samples. Developer.com.
 
i0Java vs. C# - http://www.javacamp.org/javavscsharp/index.html - Code for code comparison. All features on both languages are compared.
 
i0Language Options Comparison - http://www.geocities.com/tablizer/langopts.htm - Compares scripting language feature options, in various categories. Pros and cons given for each feature variant. Text, code samples, table.
 
i0Languages Versus D - http://www.prowiki.org/wiki4d/wiki.cgi?LanguagesVersusD - Growing table compares D, C, C++, C#, Java, Delphi, Python, Perl, Eiffel, Sather, Smalltalk, Lisp/CLOS, Ada. Many clarifying comments below. [Wiki4D, Open Content]
 
i0Linux Number Crunching: Benchmarking Languages - http://www.coyotegulch.com/reviews/number_crunching/ - Compares performance of Intel Fortran and C++, gcc, and IBM, Sun and GNU Java compilers, on an Intel Linux platform.
 
i0Lisp as an Alternative to Java - http://www.norvig.com/java-lisp.html - Brief text on comparisons of C, C++, Java, Lisp, Ron Garret / Erann Gat study, with conforming example program Lisp source code; very useful links.
 
i0Lisp as an Alternative to Java - http://www.flownet.com/gat/papers/lisp-java.pdf - Ron Garret / Erann Gat comparison, starts from 1999 Prechelt study results, adds many insights; as text, a few tables. [Intelligence]
 
i0Multi-Core Ant Colony Optimization for TSP in Erlang - http://eric_rollins.home.mindspring.com/erlangAnt.html - Compares Erlang, GHC Haskell, Standard ML (Alice, MLton); text, tables, graphs.
 
i0Nine Language Performance Round-up: Benchmarking Math & File I/O - http://www.osnews.com/story/5602 - Small-scale benchmark test run on 9 languages or variants: Java 1.3.1 and 1.4.2, C via gcc 3.3.1, Python 2.3.2 and via Psyco 1.1.1, 4 from Microsoft Visual Studio .NET 2003: Visual Basic/C#/C++/J#.
 
i0Object-Oriented Languages in the Industry: A Comparison - http://archive.eiffel.com/doc/manuals/technology/oo_comparison/ - Text and tables compare 4 major OO languages: Eiffel, C++, Java, Smalltalk. Criteria chosen to suggest where Eiffel is better.
 
i0PLEAC: Programming Language Examples Alike Cookbook - http://pleac.sourceforge.net/ - Suite of common programming problems solved in Ada, C++, Erlang, Guile, Haskell, Java, Masd, merd, NASM, Objective Caml, Perl, Pliant, Python, Ruby, Tcl.
 
i0Perl vs. Python vs. Ruby - http://mjtsai.com/blog/2002/11/25/perl_vs_python_vs_ruby/ - Comparison with text, code samples, many reader comments. Michael Tsai weblog.
 
i0Popular Programming Languages - http://www.scriptol.org/choose.php - Long text table compares many languages by brief descriptions matched to common tasks.
 
i0Programmers: Otters with Rocks? - http://news.zdnet.com/2100-9595_22-529641.html - Discusses historical move from low level languages to higher level interpreted ones, productivity, future developments. Active feedback response. [ZDNet News]
 
i0Programming Information from HB - http://www.cybercomm.nl/~broers/programming.html - Text descriptions compare C/C++, Java, Pascal, Basic, VeraStream; Oracle; HTML, XML; JavaScript, PHP.
 
i0Programming Language Benchmarks - http://dan.corlan.net/bench.html - Compares the same program in Ada, C, Forth, FORTRAN, Java, Lisp, Perl, R, Ruby. Goal: support decisions in language choice for making compute-intensive Web programs. Text, table, code samples.
 
i0Programming Language Categories - http://www.cs.oberlin.edu/~jwalker/languageCategories.html - Brief text compares 6 basic language types: general scripting, programmer scripting, application development, low-level, pure functional, complete core.
 
i0Programming Language Comparison - http://www.jvoegele.com/software/langcomp.html - Table and text compares many features of some popular object-oriented languages: C++, C#, Eiffel, Java, Perl, Python, Ruby, Smalltalk, Visual Basic.
 
i0Programming Language Critiques: Pascal, C, C++, and C-Linda - http://www.infoplanic.ch/teko/thema/pascal/pashtml/critique.html - Text compares languages on many points; by Jim Basney.
 
i0Programming Languages Mini-howto - http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Programming-Languages.html - Briefly compares major Linux programming languages: C, C++, Fortran, Java, Lisp, Perl, PHP, Python, Tcl; by Risto S. Varanka.
 
i0Programming Languages Study - http://merd.sourceforge.net/pixel/language-study/ - Includes: diagram, history of languages; history of language concepts; syntax across languages; Scriptometer measures scripting ease of languages; mutability and sharing of various values in various languages.
 
i0Python Compared to Other Languages - http://wiki.python.org/moin/LanguageComparisons - Many links to comparisons involving Python.
 
i0Qtime Collection, FTP Download, Gzipped - ftp://www.ibiblio.org/pub/linux/devel/lang/misc/ - Display time as English sentence, coded in: AWK, C, ICI, Icon, JavaScript, Lite/mSQL, PHP3, Pike, Python, REBOL, Rexx, Ruby, SLang, Spanner. Tested on only Linux (all) and AmigaOS (C and Rexx versions).
 
i0Ray Tracer Language Comparison - http://www.ffconsultancy.com/languages/ray_tracer/ - Mini ray tracer benchmark written equivalently in C++, Java, SML, Objective Caml, Lisp, Scheme. Compares verbosity, performance; text, code samples, tables, image, graph. [Flying Frog Consultancy]
 
i0Reasons for TOM - http://gerbil.org/tom/doc/why.shtml - TOM attempts to address flaws in these languages: C++, Cecil, Common Lisp, Eiffel, Java, Objective-C, Smalltalk.
 
i0Ruby Versus Nine Object-Oriented Languages - http://www.approximity.com/ruby/Comparison_rb_st_m_java.html - Compares Ruby, Objective-C, Smalltalk-80, C++, Java, Python, CLOS, Perl5, PHP, Dylan.
 
i0Schizoid Classes: Of Class, Type, and Method - http://acmqueue.com/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=205 - Compares Java and Smalltalk, in text and table. By Rodney Bates. [ACM Queue]
 
i0Seven Reasons I Switched Back to PHP after Two Years on Rails - http://www.oreillynet.com/ruby/blog/2007/09/7_reasons_i_switched_back_to_p_1.html - Derek Sivers spent two years trying to make Rails do something it wasn't meant to do, then realized his old abandoned language (PHP) would do just fine if approached with my new Rails-gained wisdom.
 
i0Simple Programs in Various Different Programming Languages - http://cer.freeshell.org/renma/ - Common algorithms and other sample code in the languages: Bash and Bourne shells, C/C++, Java, MATLAB/Octave, Perl, Python, Ruby, Scheme.
 
i0Survey of Programming Languages Associated with the Web - http://faculty.frostburg.edu/cosc/htracy/cosc120/MODULES120/NetPL/PL_Net.htm - General feature comparisons, explanations.
 
i0Syntax Across Languages - http://merd.sourceforge.net/pixel/language-study/syntax-across-languages.html - Operator names and syntax elements in various programming languages.
 
i0TIOBE Programming Community Index: TPCI - http://www.tiobe.com/content/paperinfo/tpci/ - Updated monthly. Shows language popularity via world-wide availability of skilled engineers, courses, 3rd party vendors. Calculated from search engines Google, MSN, Yahoo.
 
i0TMXxine Languages - http://www.cyber-shaktipat.org/relax/languages.html - Brief comparison Curl with High Level assembler, BCX, Dark Basic, Mono (C#/.Net implementation), Python, Squeak, XBasic/XBlite. Curl applet examples.
 
i0Team Eiffel: The Zen of Python, Part I - http://teameiffel.blogspot.com/2006/06/zen-of-python-part-i.html - Text compares Python and Eiffel, via Tim Peters' Zen rules.
 
i0Ted Shieh's Programming Language Comparison - http://www.liquidmarkets.com/?name=lc&id=3 - A comparison of the features of and demand for some of the major programming languages.
 
i0The BNF Web Club Language - http://cui.unige.ch/db-research/Enseignement/analyseinfo/ - Browse, explore some programming language syntax rules, see relations between rules, understand them via BNF (Backus-Naur Form notation) and syntactic diagrams: SQL, PL/SQL, SQL2, IDL; Ada 95, Java, Modula-2; Lazy, Lisp, M5.
 
i0The C Family of Languages - http://www.gotw.ca/publications/c_family_interview.htm - Interview with Dennis Ritchie, Bjarne Stroustrup, James Gosling.
 
i0The Case against C - http://www.tcm.phy.cam.ac.uk/~mjr/C/ - Five short essays compare C (and C++ by extension) to Fortran: Why C is Not a Good Numerical Language, Why C is Not a Good First Language, C's Poor Loop Constructs, C's Pointers and Optimisation, Optimisation through Directives.
 
i0The Computer Language Benchmarks Game - http://shootout.alioth.debian.org/ - Performance measurements and source code for ~25 benchmark programs in ~25 languages; with side-by-side comparisons for any 2 programming languages, and an interactive weighted ranking for all the languages.
 
i0The Quine Page - http://www.nyx.net/~gthompso/quine.htm - Collection of self-reproducing programs: each outputs a copy of its own source code; about 60 languages.
 
i0The ROT13 Page - http://www.miranda.org/~jkominek/rot13/ - ROT13 implemented in many programming languages.
 
i0The Zen of Python - http://www.awaretek.com/zen.html - Compares traits of many languages, without naming any; by Tim Peters.
 
i0Timing Trials, or, the Trials of Timing: Experiments with Scripting and User-Interface Languages - http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/who/bwk/interps/pap.html - By Brian Kernighan, Christopher Van Wyk. Compares how fast C, Awk, Perl, Tcl, Java, Visual Basic, Limbo, Scheme, run a range of representative tasks. Text, tables, graphs, code samples.
 
i0University of Michigan's Language Guide - http://www.engin.umd.umich.edu/CIS/course.des/cis400/ - Each entry includes history, description, code examples, and references.
 
i0Water Comparisons - http://waterlanguage.org/Comparisons.html - Two medium length documents compare object-oriented languages: Water with ConciseXML syntax, to JSP (JavaServer Pages) and Java; 1 brief list compares Water to PHP.
 
i0What I Hate About Your Programming Language - http://www.onlamp.com/pub/a/onlamp/2003/05/12/languagephilosophy.html - Text treats general aspects of language choices, then compares hatred of Perl, Python, Ruby, PHP, Java, C, C++, JavaScript, XSLT, SQL. With many forum comments. [ONLamp.com]
 
i0What Languages Fix - http://paulgraham.com/fix.html - Compares many languages in brief text, describes each by the problem it fixes. [Paul Graham]
 
i0What's Wrong with Perl - http://www.garshol.priv.no/download/text/perl.html - Author explains what he considers wrong about Perl, presents Python as an alternative. Descriptions, code samples, links.
 
i0Why Pascal is Not My Favorite Programming Language - http://www.lysator.liu.se/c/bwk-on-pascal.html - Brian Kernighan's comparison of Pascal and C
 
i0Why to Move from ASM to C - http://www.scienceprog.com/why-to-move-from-asm-to-c/ - Brief text compares Assembly to C; lower to higher level language. ScienceProg.
 
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